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The population was , as of the census. Tulsa was settled between and by the Lochapoka Band of Creek Native American tribe and most of Tulsa is still part of the territory of the Muscogee Creek Nation.
Historically, a robust energy sector fueled Tulsa's economy; however, today the city has diversified and leading sectors include finance, aviation, telecommunications and technology.
As well, the University of Oklahoma has a secondary campus at the Tulsa Schusterman Center, and Oklahoma State University has a secondary campus located in downtown Tulsa. For most of the 20th century, the city held the nickname " Oil Capital of the World " and played a major role as one of the most important hubs for the American oil industry.
It is situated on the Arkansas River between the Osage Hills and the foothills of the Ozark Mountains in northeast Oklahoma, a region of the state known as " Green Country ". Considered the cultural and arts center of Oklahoma, [11] [12] Tulsa houses two art museums, full-time professional opera and ballet companies, and one of the nation's largest concentrations of art deco architecture.
The area where Tulsa now exists is considered Indian Territory , on the land of the Kiikaapoi Kickapoo , Wahzhazhe Ma zha Osage , Muscogee Creek , and Caddo tribes, among others, [14] before it was first formally settled by the Lochapoka and Creek tribes in This area and this tree reminded Chief Tukabahchi and his small group of the Trail of Tears survivors of the bend in the river and their previous Creek Council Oak Tree back in the Tallassee, Alabama area. They named their new settlement Tallasi , meaning "old town" in the Creek language, which later became "Tulsa".
Although Oklahoma was not yet a state during the Civil War , the Tulsa area saw its share of fighting. The Battle of Chusto-Talasah took place on the north side of Tulsa and several battles and skirmishes took place in nearby counties. After the War, the tribes signed Reconstruction treaties with the federal government that in some cases required substantial land concessions.
In the years after the Civil War and around the turn of the century, the area along the Arkansas River that is now Tulsa was periodically home to or visited by a series of colorful outlaws, including the legendary Wild Bunch , the Dalton Gang , and Little Britches.
In , the Supreme Court ruled that much of eastern Oklahoma, including much of Tulsa, falls in the category of Indian Country, reshaping much of the legal jurisdiction in the region.
The Muscogee Creek , Cherokee , Chickasaw , Choctaw , and Seminole tribal communities welcomed the decision as a long-fought for victory.
On January 18, , Tulsa was officially incorporated and elected Edward Calkins as the city's first mayor. Tulsa was still a micro town near the banks of the Arkansas River in when its first oil well, named Sue Bland No.
Much of the oil was discovered on land whose mineral rights were owned by members of the Osage Nation under a system of headrights. By , the discovery of the grand Glenn Pool Oil Reserve located approximately 15 miles south of downtown Tulsa and site of the present-day town of Glenpool prompted a rush of entrepreneurs to the area's growing number of oil fields; Tulsa's population swelled to over , between and This migration distinguished the city's demographics from neighboring communities Tulsa has larger and more prominent Catholic and Jewish populations than most Oklahoma cities and is reflected in the designs of early Tulsa's upscale neighborhoods.
Known as the " Oil Capital of the World " for most of the 20th century, the city's success in the energy industry prompted construction booms in the popular Art Deco style of the time. In , Harwelden was built by oil baron E. Harwell and his wife Mary and is an example of prosperity in Tulsa, Oklahoma in the s. In the early 20th century, Tulsa was home to the " Black Wall Street ", one of the most prosperous Black communities in the United States at the time.
An official report later claimed that 23 Black and 16 White citizens were killed, but other estimates suggest as many as people died, most of them Black. In , Tulsa businessman Cyrus Avery , known as the "Father of Route 66 ," [24] began his campaign to create a road linking Chicago to Los Angeles by establishing the U. Highway 66 Association in Tulsa, earning the city the nickname the "Birthplace of Route 66". Route 66 took an important role in Tulsa's development as the city served as a popular rest stop for travelers, who were greeted by Route 66 icons such as the Meadow Gold Sign and the Blue Whale of Catoosa.
During this period, Bob Wills and his group, The Texas Playboys , began their long performing stint at a small ballroom in downtown Tulsa. In , Cain's Ballroom became the base for the group, [23] which is largely credited for creating Western Swing music.
The venue continued to attract famous musicians through its history, and is still in operation today. For the rest of the midth century, the city had a master plan to construct parks, churches, museums, rose gardens, improved infrastructure, and increased national advertising.
A national recession greatly affected the city's economy in , as areas of Texas and Oklahoma heavily dependent on oil suffered the freefall in gas prices due to a glut, and a mass exodus of oil industries. In , the " Vision " program was approved by voters, to enhance and revitalize Tulsa's infrastructure and tourism industry.
The keystone project of the initiative, the BOK Center , was designed to be a home for the city's minor league hockey and arena football teams, as well as a venue for major concerts and conventions. The multi-purpose arena, designed by famed architect Cesar Pelli , broke ground in [28] and was opened on August 30, Oklahoma that as it pertains to criminal law much of eastern Oklahoma, including Tulsa, remains as Native American lands.
Tulsa is located in the northeastern corner of Oklahoma between the edge of the Great Plains and the foot of the Ozarks in a generally forested region of rolling hills. The city touches the eastern extent of the Cross Timbers , an ecoregion of forest and prairie transitioning from the drier plains of the west to the wetter forests of the east.
Located near the western edge of the U. Interior Highlands , northeastern Oklahoma is the most topographically diverse part of the state, containing seven of Oklahoma's 11 eco-regions [34] and more than half of its state parks.
The city developed on both sides of the prominent Arkansas River , which flows in a wide, sandy-bottomed channel. Its flow through the Tulsa area is controlled by upstream flood control reservoirs , but its width and depth can vary widely throughout the year, such as during periods of high rainfall or severe drought.
A low-water dam was built to maintain a full channel at all times in the area adjacent to downtown Tulsa. This portion of the river was known as Zink Lake. However, the City of Tulsa allowed the dam to deteriorate and it no longer functions to retain the lake for which it was designed.
Heavily wooded and with abundant parks and water areas, the city has several prominent hills, such as "Shadow Mountain" and " Turkey Mountain ", which create varied terrain, especially in its southern portions.
While its central and northern sections are generally flat to gently undulating, the Osage Hills extension into the northwestern part of the city further varies the landscape.
Holmes Peak, north of the city, is the tallest point in the Tulsa Metro area at 1, ft m [40] According to the United States Census Bureau , the city has a total area of A building boom in Tulsa in the early 20th century coincided with the rise of art deco architecture in the United States. A collection of large art deco structures such as the Mid-Continent Tower , the Boston Avenue Methodist Church , Will Rogers High School, and the Philtower , have attracted events promoting the preservation and architectural interest.
In addition, the city's early prosperity funded the construction of many elegant Craftsmen, Georgian, storybook, Tudor, Greek Revival, Italianate, Spanish revival, and colonial revival homes many of which can be found in Tulsa's uptown and Midtown neighborhoods. Growth in the twentieth century gave the city a larger base of contemporary architectural styles, including several buildings by famed Tulsa architects Bruce Goff and Adah Robinson.
In particular, the middle of the 20th century brought a wealth of modern architecture to Tulsa. Koberling Jr. South, East, and Midtown Tulsa are home to a number of the ranch and Mid-Century Modern homes that reflect Tulsa's prosperous post-war period.
The BOK Center , Tulsa's new arena, incorporates many of the city's most prominent themes, including Native American, art deco, and contemporary architectural styles. Downtown Tulsa is an area of approximately 1. The city's historical residential core lies in an area known as Midtown, containing upscale neighborhoods built in the early 20th century with architecture ranging from art deco to Greek Revival.
A large portion of the city's southern half has developed since the s, containing low-density housing and retail developments. This region, marked by secluded homes and suburban neighborhoods, contains one of the state's largest shopping malls, Woodland Hills Mall , as well as Southern Hills Country Club , and Oral Roberts University.
East of Highway and north of 61st street, a diverse racial makeup marks the eastern portions of the city, with large Asian and Mexican communities and much of the city's manufacturing industry.
Areas of Tulsa west of the Arkansas River are called West Tulsa and are marked by large parks, wilderness reserves, and large oil refineries. In , Walk Score ranked Tulsa the 34th "most walkable" out of U. Tulsa has a number of cycling trails, [55] and has installed protected bike lanes in parts of the downtown area. Average monthly precipitation is lowest from December to February, and peaks dramatically in May, which averages 5.
Early June can still be wet, but late June through the end of August is frequently dry. On average, Tulsa experiences a secondary rainfall peak in September and early October. As is typical of temperate zones, weather patterns vary by season with occasional extremes in temperature and rainfall. Primarily in the spring and early summer months, the city is subjected to severe thunderstorms containing large hail , damaging winds, and, occasionally, tornadoes , [59] providing the area with a disproportionate share of its annual rainfall.
For instance, on December 5, , and on December 24, , Tulsa experienced tornadoes. Only three winters on record have officially recorded trace amounts or no snowfall, the most recent being — Two restaurants, TGI Friday's and Whataburger , were particularly hard hit, with several people being sent to hospitals for treatment. According to the Census , Tulsa had a population of , and the racial and ethnic composition was as follows: [74].
As of the census , there were , people, , households, and 95, families residing in the city, with a population density of 2, Of all households, The average household size was 2. In the city proper, the age distribution was For every females, there were About The Tulsa Metropolitan Area , or the region immediately surrounding Tulsa with strong social and economic ties to the city, [78] occupies a large portion of the state's northeastern quadrant.
It is informally known as " Green Country ", a longstanding name adopted by the state's official tourism designation for all of northeastern Oklahoma its usage concerning the Tulsa Metropolitan Area can be traced to the early part of the 20th century. The U. Tulsa has a large conservative following, with the majority of Tulsans being Christians. The second-largest religion in Tulsa is Islam, followed by Buddhism and Judaism. Tulsa is part of the Southern region demographers and commentators refer to as the " Bible Belt ," where Protestant and, in particular, Southern Baptist and other evangelical Christian traditions are very prominent.
Mother Grace Tucker was an Evangelical pastor who ministered to Tulsa's poor and homeless for over fifty years. Tulsa is also home to a number of vibrant Mainline Protestant congregations. Some of these congregations were founded during the oil boom of the early twentieth century and are noted for striking architecture, such as the art deco Boston Avenue Methodist Church and First Presbyterian Church of Tulsa.
While the state of Oklahoma has fewer Roman Catholics than the national average, [85] Tulsa has a higher percentage owing in large part to the influx of Eastern and Midwestern settlers during the oil boom. Tulsa's Catholic community is atypically prominent for a Southern city and includes Governor and U. Senator Dewey F. Bartlett , Congressmen James R. Jones and John A. Sullivan , Governor Frank Keating , U. Bartlett, Jr. Tulsa is also home to the largest Jewish community in Oklahoma, with active Reform, Conservative and Orthodox congregations.
Traditionally, Tulsa's economy has been led by the energy industry.
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